English: Parts of Speech, Tenses, Voice, Narration and Vocabulary

Noun (name), pronoun (replaces a noun), verb (action/state), adjective (describes a noun), adverb (describes a verb/adjective/adverb – often ends in -ly), preposition (shows relation: in, on, at), conjunction (joins: and, but, because), interjection (expresses emotion: Oh! Hurrah!).

Example: "The happy (adj) child (noun) ran (verb) quickly (adverb)."

• Simple present for habits and facts: "He goes to school every day."
• Third person singular takes -s/-es in simple present.
• "Neither of the boys was present." (neither/each/every + singular verb)
• Articles: a before consonant sounds, an before vowel sounds – "an honest man", "a university".
• Common prepositions: good at, interested in, afraid of, depend on.

Passive voice: object + be + past participle + by + subject.

• "She writes a letter." → "A letter is written by her."
• "They built a house." → "A house was built by them."

Reported speech: change pronouns and move the tense one step back.

• He said, "I am tired." → He said that he was tired.
• She said, "I will come." → She said that she would come.

• Types: declarative (statement), interrogative (question), imperative (command), exclamatory ("What a lovely day!").
• Irregular plurals: child → children, man → men, mouse → mice, tooth → teeth.
• Synonyms: brave – courageous; rapid – fast. Antonyms: ancient – modern; generous – stingy.